The Effect of Preventive, Therapeutic and Protective Exercises on Hippocampal Memory Mediators in Stressed Rats

Background: Exercise plays a significant role in learning and memory. The present study focuses on the hippocampal corticosterone (CORT), interleukin-1 beta­(IL-1β), glucose, and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in preventive, therapeutic, and protective exercises in stressful conditions. Methods: Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group and the preventive, therapeutic, and protective exercise groups. The treadmill running was applied at a speed of 20-21m/min and a chronic stress of 6 hours/day for 21 days. Subsequently, the variables were measured in the hippocampus. Results: The findings revealed that the hippocampal CORT levels in the preventive exercise group had a significant enhancement compared to the control group. In the protective and particularly the therapeutic exercise groups, the hippocampal CORT levels declined. Furthermore, the hippocampal BDNF levels in the preventive and the therapeutic exercise groups indicated significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in comparison with the control group. In the preventive exercise group, however, the hippocampal glucose level turned out to be substantially higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: It appears that the therapeutic exercise group had the best exercise protocols for improving the hippocampal memory mediators in the stress conditions. By contrast, the preventive exercise group could not improve these mediators that had been altered by stress. It is suggested that exercise time, compared to stress, can be considered as a crucial factor in the responsiveness of memory mediators.

Factors affecting the success of resynchronization protocols with or without progesterone supplementation in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate factors that influence the success of resynchronization protocols for bovines with and without progesterone supplementation. Cow synchronized and not found pregnant were randomly assigned to two resynchronization protocols: ovsynch without progesterone (P4) supplementation (n = 66) or with exogenous P4 administered from Days 0 to 7 (n = 67). Progesterone levels were measured on Days 0 and 7 of these protocols as well as 4 and 5 days post-insemination. Progesterone supplementation raised the P4 levels on Day 7 (p 3.5 had increased P/AI values while cows with BCS < 2.75 had decreased P/AI rates after P4 supplementation. Primiparous cows had higher P4 values on Day 7 than pluriparous animals (p = 0.04) and tended to have higher RRs (p = 0.06). Results of this study indicate that progesterone supplementation in resynchronization protocols has minimal effects on outcomes. Parity had an effect on the levels of circulating progesterone at initiation of the protocol, which in turn influenced the RR.

Osteomyelitis of mandible in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa: a case report

Polyarteritis nodosa [PAN] is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by damage to blood vessels and subsequent ischemic tissue changes in various organs. The case presented here is a 51-year-old man with PAN, who has recently developed osteomyelitis of mandible. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of jaw osteomyelitis in patients with PAN

Interventricular septum Hydatid cyst: successful seven-year follow up- case report

Hydatid cyst disease should be considered in differential diagnosis in many doubtful clinical situations as can present with non-specific symptoms especially in the endemic areas. Cardiac involvement should be considered in patients with history of previous hydatid cyst disease.. Cardiac hydatid cysts account for less than 2% of all hydatid diseases. In this report we aimed to present a case of 14-year-old boy with the diagnosis of occlusion of artery of the right lower extremity. Surgical exploration of the femoral artery revealed multiple hydatid cysts. Echocardiography showed a mobile mixed mass lesion. Complete resection of the mass was done from interventricular septum. Histopathological examination of the removed tissue revealed a complicated hydatid cyst and complete mass excision was confirmed. In this case a 7 year clinical and serological tests evaluation follow-up after surgical treatment showed no evidence of recurrence. The finding of this case emphasizes that in endemic countries, primary cardiovascular echinococcosis should be considered in differential diagnosis

Production of gold nanoparticles by Streptomyces djakartensis isolate B-5

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles [NGPs] is environmentally safer than chemical and physical procedures. This method requires no use of toxic solvents and synthesis of dangerous products and is environmentally safe. In this study, we report the biosynthesis of NGPs using Streptomyces djakartensis isolate B-5. NGPs were biosynthesized by reducing aqueous gold chloride solution via a Streptomyces isolate without the need for any additive for protecting nanoparticles from aggregation. We characterized the responsible Streptomycete; its genome DNA was isolated, purified and 16S rRNA was amplified by PCR. The amplified isolate was sequenced; using the BLAST search tool from NCBI, the microorganism was identified to species level. Treating chloroauric acid solutions with this bacterium resulted in reduction of gold ions and formation of stable NGPs. TEM and SEM electro micrographs of NGPs indicated size range from 2- 25 nm with average of 9.09 nm produced intracellular by the bacterium. SEM electro micrographs revealed morphology of spores and mycelia. The amplified PCR fragment of 16S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced from both sides; it consisted of 741 nucleotides. According to NCBI GenBank, the bacterium had 97.1% homology with Streptomyces djakartensis strain RT-49. The GenBank accession number for partial 16S rRNA gene was recorded as JX162550. Optimized application of such findings may create applications of Streptomycetes for use as bio-factories in eco-friendly production of NGPs to serve in demanding industries and related biomedical areas. Research in this area should also focus on the unlocking the full mechanism of NGPs biosynthesis by Streptomycetes

retrospective study of medically compromised patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Introduction: Due to the increased prevalence of medically compromised patients who require dental treatments, it is a crucial task for dentists and dental specialists to prepare themselves for emergent professional situations. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of different medical problems among a population of patients admitted to a dental educational center. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, the prevalence of medical problems in patients [n = 968] referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, was investigated for 3 consecutive months. Result: Among all patients, 397 were medically compromised patients. The mean age of the patients was 48 +/- 0.15 and 51.4% were men. The results showed that 41% of the patients had at least one medical problem. The two most common diseases were hypertension [13.9%] and diabetes mellitus [6.3%], respectively. The majority of patients with medical problems were referred from private dental offices. The majority of patients [97%] had well-controlled systemic diseases that could be treated in a private office. Conclusion: This investigation showed the necessity of teaching the management of medically compromised patients in dental school curriculum and in continuous dental education programs

effect of synchronized forced running with chronic stress on short, mid and long- term memory in rats

Impairment of learning and memory processes has been demonstrated by many studies using different stressors. Other reports suggested that exercise has a powerful behavioral intervention to improve cognitive function and brain health. In this research, we investigated protective effects of treadmill running on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups [n=10] as follows: Control [Co], Sham [Sh], Stress [St], Exercise [Ex] and Stress and Exercise [St and Ex] groups. Chronic restraint stress was applied by 6h/day/21days and also treadmill running at a speed 20-21m/min for 1h/day/21days. Memory function was evaluated by the passive avoidance test in different intervals [1, 7 and 21 days] after foot shock. Our results showed that: 1] Although exercise alone showed beneficial effects especially on short and mid-term memory [P<0.05] in comparison with control group, but synchronized exercise with stress had not significantly improved short, mid and long-term memory deficit in stressed rats. 2] Short and mid-term memory deficit was significantly [P<0.05] observed in synchronized exercise with stress and stress groups with respect to normal rats. 3] Memory deficit in synchronized exercise with stress group was nearly similar to stressed rats. 4] Helpful effects of exercise were less than harmful effects of stress when they were associated together. The data correspond to the possibility that although treadmill running alone has helpful effects on learning and memory consolidation, but when it is synchronized with stress there is no significant benefit and protective effects in improvement of memory deficit induced by chronic stress. However, it is has a better effect than no training on memory deficit in stressed rats

[Pelvic hydatid cyst with uncommon sciatalgia manifestation: a case report]

Hydatid disease or echinococcosis is a common parasitic disease of human and bovine, caused by infection with larva of the cestode echinococcus. Liver is the most common organ that is involved in this disease. Pelvic involvement and neurological symptoms, due to mass effect of pelvic involvement, in lower extremities are very uncommon manifestations of the disease. A forty six year old man was referred to clinic of surgery at Ghaem Hospital, Medical University of Mashhad, Iran. The patient complained about weakness and motor impairment in right lower extremity accompanied by numbness and radicular pain over past two months. Physical examination demonstrated muscular atrophy and reduced muscular strength in right lower extremity. Computed tomography and ultrasonographic studies showed a cystic mass in right side of the pelvic cavity with extention to the sciatic notch and another cystic mass in right gluteal region. Surgical operation revealed a cystic mass deep in pelvic cavity with the extention to the right sciatic notch with compression of nerve roots. The cystic mass was contained of daughter cysts which confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst disease. This diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic assessment. Although uncommon, but hydatid disease can involve the pelvic cavity and make a pelvic, usually cystic, mass; that can make compression on nerve roots and so making neurologic symptoms in lower extremities. So in endemic areas for hydatid disease, such as Iran, pelvic hydatid cysts should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in patients presenting with the sciatic pain and neurological manifestations in whom a pelvic mass has been found too.

effect of synchronized running activity with chronic stress on passive avoidance learning and body weight in rats

Different stressors induce learning and memory impairment and physical activity influence learning and memory enhancement. In this research, we investigated the effect of synchronized running activity with stress on acquisition and retention time of passive avoidance test. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Control [Co], Sham [Sh], Exercise [Ex], Stress [St], synchronized exercise with stress [St and Ex] groups. Chronic restraint stress was applied by 6 h/day for 21 days and treadmill running 1 h/day for 21 days. For evaluation of learning and memory, initial and step-through latency were determined at the end of study by using passive avoidance learning test. Our results showed that: [1] Exercise under no stress provides beneficial effects on memory acquisition and retention time compared to Control group; especially retention time had significantly [P < 0.05] increased in exercised group. [2] Chronic stress with and without synchronized exercise significantly [P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively] impaired acquisition and retention time. [3] Body weight differences were significantly [P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001] lower than Control group in exercise, stress and synchronized exercise with stress groups, respectively. [4] Adverse effects of restraint stress [psychical stress] were probably greater than physical activity effects on learning, memory and weight loss. The data confirmed that synchronized exercise with stress had not significantly protective role in improvement of passive avoidance acquisition and retention time; hence it did not significantly improve learning and memory deficit in stressed rats; whereas exercise alone could improve memory deficit in rats

[Smoking behavior among male student's bases on trans theoretical model]

Smoking is a global health problem both, in developing and developed countries. Theoretical model has been developed for understanding of behavior change especially addictive behaviors, not only delineates a way to conceptualize behavior change, but also it provides the foundation for developing assessments of an individual's readiness to change and for tailoring interventions to actualize behavior change. In a cross-sectional study and a convenience sample of 578 smoker and ex-smoker From 6 universities during December, 2009 to June, 2010 completed three Persian versions of the short form Smoking questionnaire based on trans theoretical model developed by Prochaska, Velicer and Diclemente. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. More than half of the subjects were in the precontemplation stage. The pros of smoking among subjects in the precontemplation stage were significantly higher than subjects in the preparation and maintenance stages [P<0.05]. Meanwhile, the pros of smoking ratings were significantly higher for the contemplation and preparation stages than for the maintenance [P<0.05]. However, pros of smoking in the action stage were not significantly for the other stages of change [P>0.05]. Significant mean differences in cons of smoking behavior emerged across the stages of change. In terms of self-efficacy/temptation construct, the result showed significantly difference between the stages of change [P<0.05]. The results provided support of advantages of increase self-efficacy and the role of decisional balance for the intervention programs development in smoking cessation

Associations between the clinical signs of chronic endometritis with ovarian cysts and body condition loss in German Holstein Friesian cows

The objective of this retrospective field study was to associate the type and smell of discharge, the size of the uterus, the ovarian and treatment status, and the time to diagnosis of animals with chronic clinical endometritis (CCE) with the incidence of ovarian cysts and with a marked loss in body condition in German Holstein Friesian cows. Two hundred and sixty-four cows diagnosed with CCE from day 14 to day 42 postpartum participated in this study. In addition, 100 days milk production and the parity of the animals were included in the analysis. With the use of logistic regression, a purulent vaginal discharge (>or = 50% pus), the decision not to treat the animals for CCE and a high 100 days milk production proved to be significant factors for the incidence of ovarian cysts. Additionally, the type of discharge showed interactions with the parity and the smell of the discharge, as more animals with fetid and purulent discharge and more animals in the first lactation with a purulent discharge developed ovarian cysts. A high milk production and the parity showed associations with an excessive body condition score loss. Additionally, more animals with a diagnosis of an oversized uterus in comparison to cows with an early involution experienced a considerable reduction in their nutritional condition.

[Comparison of outcome of dynamic compression plate and intramedullary nailing in femural shaft fracture]

Treatment of the femural shaft fracture is improving. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of Dynamic Compression Plating [DCP] and intramedullary nailing in the femural shaft fracture. This clinical trial study was done in orthopedic department of Shahid Kamyab Hospital in Mashhad - Iran during 2002-03. 40 patients with open fracture of femur divided into two groups. One group was treated by dynamic compression plate and the other group by intramedullay nailing. Follow-up time was 9-14 months. Out of 40 patients, 75% were male. The time of clinical and radiological bone union was the same in both groups. There was 4 implant failure in the plate group [P < 0.05]. There was one deep infection in the intramedullary nailing group. This study showed that there is no difference between plate and intramedullary nailing group according time of bone union. But because of 4 implant failure in DCP group intramedullary nailing is recommended for femural shaft fracture